Discuss the principles of critical care nursing and their application in caring for acutely ill patients in intensive care units (ICUs). Analyze the nurse’s role in managing complex medical conditions, monitoring hemodynamic status, and providing life-saving interventions.

Explain the principles of perioperative nursing and their application in preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care. Discuss the nurse’s role in ensuring patient safety, preventing surgical complications, and promoting optimal surgical outcomes.