Question 1

3 / 3 pts

Along with stating a hypothesis in a methods section, authors in research journals must provide the ______ for their hypothesis.

descriptive statistics

personal preference

contradicting viewpoints

rationale or justification

Question 2

3 / 3 pts

What type of design is considered to be the “gold standard” of experimental designs?

a quasi-experimental design

a true experimental design

a single-participant design

a preexperimental design

Question 3

3 / 3 pts

When the effect of an independent variable depends or differs across the levels of a second independent variable, this is known as a(n) ______.

interaction effect

main effect

causal effect

control group

Question 4

3 / 3 pts

A researcher is able to collect multiple data points throughout the research phase when their experiment incorporates a ______.

cross-sectional sample

pretest, without a posttest

logistical interference

time series component

Question 5

3 / 3 pts

Which is a key question researchers should first ask when seeing whether their experimental design has research validity?

Was there an observed effect?

How frequent are the findings occurring?

Who was the leading investigator?

Has a proper literature review been written?

Question 6

3 / 3 pts

In schools, a key drawback of experimental design is ______.

the lack of ability for students to understand the procedures they need to undertake

withholding the intervention from some students while offering it to others

situational awareness deficits in researchers who do not work at that school full time

administrators fearing the need to change their current tactics

Question 7

3 / 3 pts

Why is it so important to attempt to reach strong internal validity?

Internal validity ensures that the measures used were reliable.

External funding sources look toward internal validity as a metric of whether to invest in the study or not.

Without it, researchers can never confidently claim that a target intervention was the cause of the effect.

Theoretical frameworks cannot exist without internal validity.

Question 8

3 / 3 pts

Which element is typically omitted from a quasi-experimental design?

random assignment

two groups

time series feature

comparison group

Question 9

3 / 3 pts

Dr. Johnson wants to see if sending a funny email to his students midway through the class will make students pay more attention. He has students draw cards that either have a number one or a number two printed on them and sends the email to everyone who draws the number one. What practice did Dr. Johnson use?

internal correspondence

situated reasoning

time-series effect

random assignment

Question 10

3 / 3 pts

The standardized measure that allows one to see how far away a score is from average using standard deviation units is known as a(n) ______.

mean-difference

z-score

t-test

open-source derivative

Question 11

3 / 3 pts

The median is also referred to as the ______ of a distribution.

fulcrum

focus

midpoint

bipoint

Question 12

3 / 3 pts

When researchers want to find the “most representative” score for a certain statistical concept, they are seeking the ______.

t-test score

correlation coefficient

distribution of results

measure of central tendency

Question 13

3 / 3 pts

The standard range of a correlation coefficient is ______.

-10 to +10

-1 to 0

-1 to +1

0 to 1

Question 14

3 / 3 pts

What is the final step in calculating the standard deviation for a number distribution?

dividing the sum of squared differences by the total sample size

subtracting each score in the distribution from the mean score

taking the square root of the sum of squared differences divided by sample size

summing up the squared differences

Question 15

3 / 3 pts

How do inferential statistics differ from descriptive statistics?

Inferential statistics are used for qualitative data while descriptive is used for quantitative data.

Descriptive statistics are tools used to establish baselines that the researcher can then challenge in the literature.

Descriptive statistics allow you to draw conclusions from a sample, and inferential statistics just describe the sample.

Inferential statistics allow you to draw conclusions from a sample about a population, while descriptive statistics describe the sample.

Question 16

3 / 3 pts

In terms of determining relative standing, what is the key role of a reference group?

They are a group that scores below the individual who is being examined.

They are a group of people that an individual is compared to in a standardized fashion.

They are a national body that determines statistical significance.

They help identify the literature that should be reviewed before undertaking a study.

Question 17

3 / 3 pts

Dr. Pritcher shows her class that the lowest score received on her exam was a fifty out of a hundred, while the highest score was a ninety-eight. What did Dr. Pritcher show her class with this information?

the mode

the range

the variability

the mean

Question 18

3 / 3 pts

Which components are typically included by the researcher when reporting inferential statistics in published work?

the test statistic, correlation coefficient, and ANCOVA score

the test statistic, degrees of freedom, and the exact or rounded off p-value.

the software used and the alpha-score

the sample size, test statistic, and level of measurement

Question 19

3 / 3 pts

The likelihood that a certain outcome will occur, based on some proportion of all possible outcomes, is known as ______.

probability

resonance

hypothesis confirmation

statistical significance

Question 20

3 / 3 pts

In simple terms, the ______ of a researcher’s results indicates the probability that the difference between the groups is simply due to chance.

null hypothesis

inference

p-value

beta-test

Question 21

3 / 3 pts

A hypothetical distribution of all scores in a population, which assumes that a given statistic was collected over a very large or infinite number of studies, is known as a ______.

score funnel

sampling distribution

population metric

probable outcome

Question 22

3 / 3 pts

How can researchers maintain the integrity of their data when discussing the significance of their findings?

They can adjust the critical values so that their findings appear significant when they are not below p<0.05.

They can make clear when results are not significant, even when the result is “approaching” significance” such as when a p-value is 0.06.

They can flip the critical and observed values if it supports their hypothesis.

They can state the statistical significance, but not the effect size, to make their argument stronger.

Question 23

3 / 3 pts

How does a researcher determine a p-value has shown a statistically significant relationship in educational research?

The observed p-value is 100.

The observed p-value varies based on the input levels of the dependent variable.

The observed p-value is below the alpha, which is typically 0.05.

The observed p-value matches the hypothesized p-value.

Question 24

3 / 3 pts

Why would a researcher fail to reject the null hypothesis when running a statistical test?

The empirical test showed a statistically significant relationship.

The empirical test was flawed due to data limitations.

The empirical test did not show a statistically significant relationship.

The empirical test has shown that there is a real effect of a variable on a particular group.

Question 25

3 / 3 pts

A researcher has found a statistically significant relationship between the amount of candy students eat and the difficulty they have paying attention in the classroom. Which is the appropriate next step?

The researcher should accept the null hypothesis.

The researcher should reject the null hypothesis.

The researcher should re-administer the test until the desired result is found.

The researcher should fail to reject the null hypothesis.

Quiz Score: 75 out of 75