You must also use in-text citations for each answer, providing the authors (Gebo and Boyes-Watson), year of publication (2023), and pages you used within your answer for corresponding paraphrased text. If you have an ebook, provide the subsection of the chapter as opposed to page numbers. 

Provide in-text citations in parentheses after the corresponding sentence. Example: Paraphrased statement (Gebo and Boyes-Watson, 2023, pp. 311-314 OR Gebo and Boyes-Watson, 2023, Chapter 9, subsection)

**Including in-text citations does not mean you have to quote the text. In fact, you should not be quoting any text but rather paraphrasing it and then stating where the information you provided was taken from. I will not accept answers that are not cited at all or contain incomplete citations.**

Your citation does not count toward the minimum word requirement. Each answer must include in-text citations. 

This exam includes 17 short answer questions. Most questions pertain to Parts II and III of Gebo and Boyes-Watson. 

Answer each part of every question and use the template provided. Do not create a new document or delete or alter the written tasks or instructions. Do not delete the question numbers or change numbered bullet points.*

1. Identify the four dimensions of social bonds and explain how Travis Hirschi’s theory of social bonds predicts delinquent behavior. How does Hirschi’s theory compare to rational choice theory? Why is rational choice theory more difficult to apply to adolescent behavior? (Minimum 160 words, 10pts) (Hint: Ch 5)

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1. Describe the roles of police in communities, including the role of School Resource Officers in public education. How are youth of color affected by policing policies and practices, including increased police presence within the school community? Specifically, how are boys/girls and Black/Brown youth treated differently by the police? Has this changed over time and, if so, how? (Minimum 160 words, 10pts) (Hint: Chs 8 & 9)

Answer:

1. What are typical extra-legal factors that influence the dispositions handed out by the juvenile court? Explain how these factors contribute to a two-track system and to the problem of RED in the juvenile justice system. What are the three ways of successfully reducing RED and rehabilitating and reintegrating youth? What are some of the reasons for RED, and what are some of the solutions? (Minimum 160 words, 10pts) (Hint: Chs 10 & 11)

Answer:

1. Why do gangs develop, and under what historical conditions have they developed? After answer that, explain the characteristics of the community within which gangs form, and why youth join and leave them. What keeps individuals from joining gangs? What is the role of the streetworker in the prevention of gang involvement and the reduction of gang violence? (Minimum 140 words, 8pts) (Hint: Ch 7)

Answer:

1. Describe the three possible relationships between poor school performance and engagement in delinquent behavior. How do schools play an important role in delinquency prevention and positive youth development? What kind of restorative justice programs exist within the school environment? (Minimum 140 words, 8pts) (Hint: Ch 8)

Answer:

1. Using the lens of intersectionality, discuss the differential access to education by race, class, ethnicity, and gender in American history. Which students have been the primary target of these policies? In your answer, be sure to explain what intersectionality means and the role it plays in the juvenile justice system. (Minimum 140 words, 8pts) (Hint: Chs 1 & 8)

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1. Explain how emerging research on brain science has changed the juvenile justice system, and how neuroscience and evidence-based practices shifted how we think about youth who commit delinquent acts. (Minimum 120 words, 6pts) (Hint: Ch 3)

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1. What do we know about adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and their relationship to delinquency? Explain how the study of ACEs is an example of a biosocial theory. (Minimum 120 words, 6pts) (Hint: Chs 4 & 5)

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1. Explain the concept of collective efficacy and the reason socially disorganized communities have less collective efficacy. Also, discuss the characteristics of communities with high levels of collective efficacy and how collective efficacy reduces delinquency. (Minimum 120 words, 6pts) (Hint: Ch 5)

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1. What is the difference between primary and secondary deviance, and what is the policy of radical non-intervention? Why did Schur believe this was an effective way to prevent delinquency? (Minimum 120 words, 6pts) (Hint: Ch 5)

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1. What do arrest and case processing patterns, and victimization data, show about the relationship of delinquency to race and ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation? (Minimum 100 words, 4pts) (Hint: Ch 4)

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1. Explain the meaning of “androcentric bias” and the concept of “differential socialization.” Then, provide examples illustrating each phenomenon in the study of delinquency. (Minimum 100 words, 4pts) (Hint: Ch 6)

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1. Describe the role of the probation officer and the parole officer within the juvenile justice process. What are the role conflicts within these occupations? What should be the primary function of these jobs? Explain. (Minimum 100 words, 4pts) (Hint: Ch 11)

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1. What are three key issues in residential placement? Describe how they affect youth. (Minimum 100 words, 4pts) (Hint: Ch 11)

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1. What is the meaning of “resilience” and what helps promote it in the lives of girls? (Minimum 80 words, 2pts) (Hint: Ch 6)

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1. Describe the Pulling Levers and Project Safe Neighborhood strategies. Explain how these comprehensive programs work to reduce serious and violent offending in urban communities. (Minimum 80 words, 2pts) (Hint: Ch 7)

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1. What is a revocation hearing, and how has such a process contributed to the lengthy sentences served by youth profiled in the case study in chapter 10? (Minimum 80 words, 2pts) (Hint: Ch 10)

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1. Define Matza and Syke’s techniques of neutralization. What are some common examples of this type of rationalization? (Minimum 80 words, 1pt) (Hint: Ch 5)

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1. What is the meaning of the term “school climate”?  What is the importance of school climate and student connectedness in the prevention of bullying and delinquency? (Minimum 100 words, 2pts) (Hint: Ch 8)

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1. How do specialty courts operate differently from juvenile court? Formulate an argument for the support of one of these innovative courts. (Minimum 80 words, 1pt) (Hint: Ch 10)

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1. What are the competing explanations for the creation of juvenile court? Describe how the juvenile court has evolved since the first one was established in 1899. What is the most important stage of the juvenile court? Be specific and detailed. (Minimum 100 words, 2pts) (Hint: Ch 10)

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1. Why is community engagement and involvement important in the continuum of juvenile corrections? (Minimum 80 words, 1pt) (Hint: Ch 11)

Answer: 

1. What is the “net-widening” problem? What are the harms associated with this widespread practice within the juvenile justice system? (Minimum 100 words, 2pts) (Hint: Ch 11)

Answer:

Reference 

Gebo, E., & Boyes-Watson, C. (2022). Youth, Crime, and Justice (2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group. https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/books/9781538172995